The Evolving Nutritional Landscape for Senior Feline Companions: A Comprehensive Guide to Optimal Diet

As feline companions gracefully enter their golden years, their physiological needs undergo a significant transformation, necessitating a thoughtful reevaluation of their dietary regimen. The subtle yet crucial shifts in metabolism, organ function, and overall health present unique challenges that can be effectively addressed through specialized senior cat foods. These formulations are meticulously crafted to target a spectrum of age-related concerns, ranging from the preservation of lean muscle mass and the management of chronic conditions like kidney disease, to the support of joint mobility and cognitive function. This in-depth exploration aims to equip cat owners with the essential knowledge to identify superior senior cat food options, delving into the critical nutritional considerations and presenting a curated selection of the most beneficial products available on the market.

At the forefront of feline well-being, our team of cat experts, in collaboration with a seasoned feline nutritionist and veterinarian, has meticulously analyzed hundreds of online reviews and leveraged extensive personal experience as devoted cat parents. This comprehensive approach ensures that the recommendations provided are not only evidence-based but also deeply aligned with the practical realities and evolving needs of senior cats and their discerning guardians. For those whose feline friends lead predominantly indoor lives, we also encourage a review of our insights on the best indoor cat foods, which may offer complementary benefits.

The Senior Cat Diet: A Shift Towards Specialized Nutrition

The concept of "senior" in a cat’s life is typically recognized around the age of 10, though this can vary based on breed, genetics, and individual health status. Unlike some other species, the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) has not established specific, distinct nutritional requirements for senior cats. Instead, senior cat foods are formulated to align with AAFCO’s "adult maintenance" standards, while strategically adjusting key nutrient profiles to cater to the common physiological changes associated with aging. These adjustments often focus on:

• Muscle Maintenance: Counteracting sarcopenia, the age-related loss of muscle mass, through optimized protein levels and highly digestible protein sources.
• Kidney Support: Reducing phosphorus and, in some cases, magnesium content to alleviate the burden on aging kidneys and mitigate the risk of chronic kidney disease.
• Joint Health: Incorporating ingredients like glucosamine and chondroitin, along with anti-inflammatory omega-3 fatty acids, to support joint function and reduce discomfort.
• Digestive Health: Utilizing easily digestible ingredients and prebiotic fibers to promote gut health and nutrient absorption, which can decline with age.
• Cognitive Function: Including antioxidants and omega-3 fatty acids to support brain health and potentially slow cognitive decline.
• Hydration: Emphasizing moisture-rich formulas, particularly wet foods, to aid in hydration and support urinary tract health, which can be compromised in older cats.

Decoding the Ideal Senior Cat Food: Key Nutritional Pillars

Selecting the optimal diet for a senior cat involves a nuanced understanding of their changing nutritional requirements. The following are critical factors to consider:

Unwavering Emphasis on Digestibility

As cats age, their digestive efficiency can diminish, impacting their ability to break down and absorb vital nutrients. Consequently, prioritizing foods with high digestibility is paramount. This translates to selecting formulations that feature easily digestible ingredients, such as high-quality animal proteins and a judicious carbohydrate profile. The bioavailability of nutrients within the food directly influences how effectively the cat’s body can utilize them for essential functions.

The Primacy of High-Quality Animal Protein

Protein is the cornerstone of maintaining lean muscle mass, a critical component for a senior cat’s mobility, strength, and overall resilience. Age-related physiological changes can lead to a faster rate of protein breakdown than synthesis, resulting in sarcopenia. This loss of lean body mass is concerning, as it serves as a reservoir of amino acids crucial for recovery during periods of stress or illness. Given that protein digestion can also become less efficient with age, offering senior cats highly digestible and protein-rich diets is essential. The most beneficial high-protein cat foods will prominently feature clearly identified animal protein sources—such as chicken, salmon, or turkey liver—as the primary ingredients. It is advisable to avoid products that rely heavily on animal by-products, meals, or plant-based proteins, as these may contain less bioavailable and less digestible components.

The Essential Role of Healthy Animal Fats

Beyond protein, healthy animal fats are indispensable for a senior cat’s dietary intake. Superior senior cat foods derive their fat content from animal sources rather than relying on plant-based oils. Furthermore, the inclusion of rich sources of omega-3 fatty acids, such as salmon meat or cod liver oil, is highly advantageous. These fatty acids possess potent anti-inflammatory properties, which can help mitigate joint pain and discomfort, and contribute to a lustrous, healthy coat.

The Strategic Advantage of Low Carbohydrate Content

Cats, as obligate carnivores, are biologically designed to thrive on diets low in carbohydrates and rich in animal-based protein. Senior cat foods should adhere to this principle by minimizing carbohydrate content. This not only mimics their natural dietary patterns but also helps prevent potential health issues like excessive weight gain and detrimental blood sugar fluctuations. The feline digestive system is inherently more adept at processing and absorbing nutrients from protein sources, a capability that becomes even more pronounced in older cats whose digestive efficiency may have declined.

The Imperative of Sufficient Moisture Content

Adequate hydration is a non-negotiable aspect of senior cat care, particularly given their increased susceptibility to kidney-related ailments and dehydration. Wet or canned senior cat foods are generally preferable to dry kibble due to their significantly higher moisture content. This elevated moisture level plays a crucial role in supporting optimal kidney function and maintaining the health of the urinary tract. Proactive measures, such as strategically placing additional water fountains or bowls throughout the home, can further encourage water intake, especially for senior cats experiencing mobility challenges.

The Comfort of a Soft Texture

Many senior cats may contend with dental issues, which can render the act of chewing hard kibble a challenging and uncomfortable experience. Opting for senior cat foods with a soft or wet texture ensures that these meals are not only palatable but also easy for older cats to consume and digest. These formulations are gentle on the teeth and gums, enabling senior cats to enjoy their meals without discomfort. In cases where a senior cat’s dental health remains robust, a supplemental portion of kibble can still offer benefits by aiding in dental hygiene and providing an additional caloric source.

The Criticality of Low Phosphorus and Magnesium

Older cats are at a heightened risk for kidney-related health problems, including chronic kidney disease. High phosphorus levels in the diet can exacerbate these conditions, placing an additional strain on compromised kidneys. Therefore, selecting senior cat foods with reduced phosphorus content is vital for supporting kidney function and minimizing the risk of kidney-related complications. Similarly, elevated magnesium levels can increase the likelihood of developing struvite urolithiasis, commonly known as bladder crystals, which can cause significant discomfort and health issues.

Important Note: While senior cats benefit from restricted phosphorus, growing kittens have a higher requirement for this mineral. Feeding kitten food to a senior cat can place undue stress on their kidneys.

Adherence to AAFCO Standards for Life Stage Appropriateness

A fundamental criterion for selecting any cat food is its compliance with the nutritional standards established by the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO). This certification guarantees that the food is formulated to provide a complete and balanced diet tailored to the cat’s specific life stage. While AAFCO does not designate a separate life stage for "senior" cats, they are typically categorized under "adult maintenance." However, senior-specific formulations that adjust nutrients to address age-related conditions are often beneficial. It is crucial to examine the AAFCO statement on the packaging to confirm its suitability for your cat’s current life stage and health status.

Our Rigorous Criteria for Evaluating Senior Cat Foods

Our selection process for the best senior cat foods was guided by a comprehensive set of criteria, ensuring that each product evaluated met the highest standards of nutritional excellence and addressed the specific needs of aging felines:

• Ingredient Quality: Prioritization of whole, recognizable animal protein sources as the primary ingredients. Avoidance of fillers, artificial additives, and vague ingredient listings.
• Nutrient Profile: Analysis of protein, fat, carbohydrate, and fiber content, with a focus on highly digestible components.
• Moisture Content: Preference for wet or canned foods offering higher moisture levels to support hydration and kidney health.
• Specific Health Support: Evaluation of formulations designed to address common senior cat issues such as joint health, kidney function (low phosphorus), and muscle maintenance.
• Palatability: Consideration of factors that contribute to a cat’s willingness to eat the food, including texture and flavor.
• Cost-Effectiveness: Balancing nutritional quality with affordability to provide accessible options for a wide range of cat owners.
• Expert Consultation: Validation of our assessments through consultation with feline nutritionists and veterinarians.
• Consumer Reviews: Integration of feedback from a broad spectrum of cat owners to gauge real-world performance and satisfaction.

A Deep Dive into the Top Senior Cat Food Selections

Based on our rigorous evaluation, the following senior cat foods stand out for their exceptional quality and suitability for aging felines:

1. tuft + paw Really Great Cat Food

Price: $69 for a 24 x 5.5 oz box ($0.52/oz)
Calories: 138 cal/5.5 oz box (25 cal/oz)
Life Stage: All life stages

Disclaimer: As developers of this content, we acknowledge the inclusion of our own product. This decision is rooted in our genuine belief in its superior performance relative to other market offerings. The rigorous scrutiny applied to all products on this list was also applied to our own, incorporating expert opinions and extensive consumer feedback.

tuft + paw’s Really Great Cat Food emerges as our premier recommendation for senior cat nutrition. This formula is distinguished by its emphasis on easily digestible animal protein, with chicken serving as the primary meat source, complemented by rabbit as a secondary protein. This synergistic combination delivers essential amino acids and vital fatty acids, notably taurine and arachidonic acid, which are indispensable for feline health. Recognizing the age-related decline in nutrient digestion and absorption, the inclusion of highly digestible ingredients is of paramount importance. The addition of salmon oil provides a significant boost of omega-3 fatty acids, crucial for supporting immune function, reducing inflammation, and promoting optimal brain and eye health. The absence of filler carbohydrates, such as grains and starches, ensures a focused nutritional profile, with each plant-based ingredient contributing specific vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, or dietary fiber. The high moisture content and judiciously low phosphorus level render this food exceptionally kidney-friendly. Cat owners will also find the convenient subscription service and the affordable price point of $0.52 per ounce to be significant advantages.

Ingredients: Chicken, chicken broth, pumpkin puree, rabbit, carrots, ground golden flaxseed, natural flavor, tricalcium phosphate, agar-agar, salmon oil, dandelion greens, potassium chloride, vitamins (vitamin E supplement, vitamin A supplement, vitamin B3 (niacinamide), vitamin B5 (calcium pantothenate), vitamin B1 (thiamine mononitrate), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine hydrochloride), vitamin B9 (folic acid), vitamin B7 (biotin), vitamin B12 supplement, vitamin D3 supplement), magnesium amino acid chelate, choline chloride, taurine, minerals (copper amino acid chelate, iron amino acid chelate, manganese amino acid chelate, potassium iodide, zinc amino acid chelate, sodium selenite), sea salt.

Guaranteed Analysis (As-Fed):

• Crude Protein: Minimum 10%
• Crude Fat: Minimum 6%
• Crude Fiber: Maximum 1.5%
• Moisture: Maximum 78%
• Phosphorus: Maximum 0.35%

Dry Matter Analysis:

• Crude Protein: ~45%
• Crude Fat: ~27%
• Carbohydrates: ~4%
• Phosphorus: ~0.15%

Pros:

• High-quality animal protein
• Chicken-based primary ingredients
• Low carbohydrate content
• No fillers
• Dietary fiber for digestive aid
• Salmon oil for omega-3s
• Affordable price point
• High moisture content
• Low phosphorus
• Human-grade ingredients

Cons:

• Not available in physical pet stores

2. RAWZ Senior Chicken, Green Mussels, and Pumpkin Cat Food

Price: $82.99 for a 24 x 5.5 oz can case ($0.63/oz)
Calories: 187 cal/5.5 oz can (34 cal/oz)
Life Stage: Adult maintenance

RAWZ has established a reputation for delivering easily digestible cat foods rich in high-quality animal protein, and their senior-specific formula upholds this standard. The initial four ingredients are chicken-based, followed by green mussels, an excellent source of omega-3 fatty acids. The carbohydrate content is kept low, and the inclusion of multiple dietary fiber sources supports digestive health. The added microalgae oil further enhances the omega-3 fatty acid profile. The price point of $0.63 per ounce is considered reasonable for the quality offered.

A primary inconvenience associated with the RAWZ brand is its limited availability through major online retailers and large chain pet stores. This can present a challenge in sourcing the product if a local pet store that stocks it is not readily accessible.

Ingredients: Chicken, Chicken Bone Broth, Chicken Liver, Chicken Heart, Green Mussels, Pumpkin, Natural Flavor, Fenugreek Seed, Potassium Chloride, Salt, Choline Chloride, Vitamins (Niacin Supplement, Vitamin E Supplement, Vitamin A Supplement, Thiamine Mononitrate, Pantothenic Acid, Riboflavin, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride, Vitamin D3 Supplement, Vitamin B12 Supplement, Folic Acid, Biotin), Dandelion Greens, Miscanthus Grass, Taurine, Minerals (Zinc Proteinate, Iron Proteinate, Copper Proteinate, Manganese Proteinate, Sodium Selenite, Calcium Iodate), Marine Microalgae Oil (Source of EPA & DHA), Magnesium Proteinate, L-Carnitine.

Guaranteed Analysis (As-Fed):

• Crude Protein: Minimum 11%
• Crude Fat: Minimum 6%
• Crude Fiber: Maximum 1.5%
• Moisture: Maximum 78%
• Phosphorus: Maximum 0.35%

Dry Matter Analysis:

• Crude Protein: ~50%
• Crude Fat: ~27%
• Carbohydrates: ~6%
• Phosphorus: ~0.15%

Pros:

• High-quality animal protein
• Chicken-based primary ingredients (first four)
• Low carbohydrate content
• Good moisture content
• Dietary fiber for digestive aid
• Green mussels for omega-3s
• Low phosphorus
• Marine microalgae oil for additional omega-3s

Cons:

• Not widely available in major retail channels

3. Koha Minimal Ingredient Turkey Stew for Cats

Price: $52.56 for a 24 x 5.5 oz can case ($0.40/oz)
Calories: 137 cal/5.5 oz can (25 cal/oz)
Life Stage: Adult maintenance

Koha’s Minimal Ingredient Turkey Stew for Cats presents an economical yet high-quality option for cat parents seeking nutritious food for their senior felines on a budget. It is the most cost-effective choice on this list at $0.40 per ounce, while still prioritizing easily digestible animal protein in the form of turkey, turkey liver, and porcine plasma. The inclusion of green mussels offers a rich source of omega-3 fatty acids, essential for immune health and inflammation reduction. Plasma can also be a valuable source of antibodies, bolstering the immune system. The high moisture content of 82% contributes to excellent digestibility and hydration.

The primary drawback of this food is its reported low fiber content—listed as 0% on a dry matter basis by Koha’s website. This is somewhat surprising given the presence of fiber-rich ingredients like pumpkin, dandelion greens, and kale. While some fiber is likely present, it may be in minimal quantities. Many senior cats benefit from dietary fiber to regulate digestion, making a slightly higher fiber content desirable. Additionally, the inclusion of xanthan gum, a thickening agent and filler carbohydrate, is not nutritionally essential for cats.

Ingredients: Turkey, Turkey Broth, Vegetable Broth, Turkey Liver, Porcine Plasma, Dried Egg Product, Ground Chickpeas, Xanthan Gum, Pumpkin, Calcium Carbonate, New Zealand Green Mussel, Salt, Sodium Phosphate, Potassium Chloride, Dandelion Greens, Taurine, Choline Chloride, Parsley, Cranberries, Dried Kale, Turmeric, Iron Proteinate, Zinc Proteinate, Ginger, Fenugreek Seed, Vitamin E Supplement, Thiamine Mononitrate, Copper Proteinate, Manganese Proteinate, Sodium Selenite, Niacin Supplement, d-Calcium Pantothenate, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride, Riboflavin Supplement, Vitamin A Supplement, Biotin, Potassium Iodide, Vitamin D3 Supplement, Vitamin B12 Supplement, Folic Acid.

Guaranteed Analysis (As-Fed):

• Crude Protein: Minimum 10%
• Crude Fat: Minimum 6%
• Crude Fiber: Maximum 1.5%
• Moisture: Maximum 78%
• Phosphorus: Maximum 0.3%

Dry Matter Analysis:

• Crude Protein: ~45%
• Crude Fat: ~27%
• Carbohydrates: ~10% (including xanthan gum and chickpeas)
• Phosphorus: ~0.14%

Pros:

• High-quality animal protein
• First two ingredients are turkey-based
• Low carbohydrates (excluding xanthan gum)
• High moisture content
• Affordable price point
• Dietary fiber for digestive aid (though low)
• Green mussels for omega-3s
• Low phosphorus
• Porcine plasma for immune support

Cons:

• Very low fiber content
• Contains xanthan gum

4. Smalls Ground Bird Cat Food

Price: $4.00 per 5 oz pack ($0.80/oz)
Calories: 200 cal/5 oz pack (40 cal/oz)
Life Stage: All life stages

Smalls is a reputable provider of high-quality fresh cat food suitable for all life stages, and their Ground Bird Cat Food is a commendable option for senior cats. Possessing the highest caloric density on this list (40 cal/oz), it prioritizes easily digestible animal protein, making it an excellent choice for senior cats who need to maintain their weight and muscle mass. Cat owners will appreciate the convenient subscription service and the use of human-grade ingredients. The inclusion of cod liver oil for omega-3s and the absence of filler carbohydrates are also notable benefits.

The primary disadvantage is Smalls’ position as the most expensive option at $0.80 per ounce, which may exceed the budget of some cat parents. Additional considerations include its availability exclusively through Smalls’ website, a relatively low water content, and the fact that the food ships frozen, requiring thawing prior to feeding. Smalls’ website offers limited information regarding the phosphorus content of their foods, although an FAQ section indicates that their food may be too high in phosphorus for cats with advanced kidney disease. Consequently, this food should be avoided by senior cats with compromised kidney function.

Ingredients: Chicken, chicken liver, green beans, water sufficient for processing, dried yeast, tricalcium phosphate, kale, magnesium proteinate, potassium chloride, choline chloride, dandelion greens, dried kelp, taurine, zinc proteinate, iron proteinate, cod liver oil, salt, niacin supplement, vitamin E supplement, vitamin A supplement, copper proteinate, manganese proteinate, thiamine mononitrate, d-calcium pantothenate, pyridoxine hydrochloride, vitamin D3 supplement, riboflavin supplement, vitamin B12 supplement, folic acid, sodium selenite, biotin.

Guaranteed Analysis (As-Fed):

• Crude Protein: Minimum 13%
• Crude Fat: Minimum 8%
• Crude Fiber: Maximum 1.5%
• Moisture: Maximum 75%
• Phosphorus: Information limited, but noted as potentially high for advanced kidney disease.

Dry Matter Analysis:

• Crude Protein: ~52%
• Crude Fat: ~32%
• Carbohydrates: ~7%
• Phosphorus: Unknown, but a concern for kidney issues.

Pros:

• High-quality animal protein
• First two ingredients are chicken-based
• Human-grade ingredients
• Dietary fiber for digestive aid
• Cod liver oil for omega-3s
• Convenient subscription service
• High caloric density for weight maintenance

Cons:

• Most expensive option
• Low moisture content
• Not available in pet stores
• Food ships frozen
• Limited information on phosphorus content; potentially unsuitable for cats with kidney disease.

5. Honest Kitchen Minced Salmon & Cod

Price: $39.48 for a 12 x 5.5 oz box ($0.60/oz)
Calories: 137 cal/5.5 oz box (25 cal/oz)
Life Stage: All life stages

Honest Kitchen’s Minced Salmon & Cod cat food is a suitable choice for older cats who have a preference for fish-based diets. A significant advantage of fish-based cat foods is the inherent presence of omega-3 fatty acids, which are beneficial for immune function, inflammation reduction, and brain health. The protein content is substantial and easily digestible for senior cats. While the food contains some carbohydrates, they are derived from nutrient-rich ingredients that also provide dietary fiber. The low phosphorus and high moisture content make this food relatively easy for aging kidneys to process.

However, there are a couple of drawbacks. Firstly, the inclusion of sunflower oil seems redundant, given the natural fat content present in salmon and cod. Secondly, fish can exhibit variable levels of phosphorus and magnesium, which, when fed daily, could potentially increase the risk of urinary issues. Therefore, this food is best utilized as a rotational option within a senior cat’s diet rather than as their sole wet food.

Ingredients: Salmon, fish broth, cod, pumpkin, carrots, blueberries, cranberries, natural vegetable flavor, sunflower oil, agar-agar, dandelion greens, tricalcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, potassium chloride, choline chloride, salt, magnesium proteinate, vitamins (vitamin E supplement, vitamin A supplement, niacin supplement, calcium pantothenate (vitamin B5), thiamine mononitrate (vitamin B1), riboflavin (vitamin B2), pyridoxine hydrochloride (vitamin B6), folic acid, biotin (vitamin B7), vitamin B12 supplement, vitamin D3 supplement), minerals (copper proteinate, iron proteinate, manganese proteinate, potassium iodide, zinc proteinate, sodium selenite), taurine, yucca schidigera extract, turmeric.

Guaranteed Analysis (As-Fed):

• Crude Protein: Minimum 9%
• Crude Fat: Minimum 4%
• Crude Fiber: Maximum 1.5%
• Moisture: Maximum 78%
• Phosphorus: Maximum 0.35%

Dry Matter Analysis:

• Crude Protein: ~41%
• Crude Fat: ~18%
• Carbohydrates: ~8%
• Phosphorus: ~0.15%

Pros:

• High-quality animal protein (fish-based)
• Low carbohydrates
• High moisture content
• Dietary fiber for digestive aid
• Salmon for omega-3s
• Low phosphorus
• Affordable price point

Cons:

• Contains sunflower oil
• Fish can have inconsistent phosphorus and magnesium levels, potentially increasing urinary issue risk.

Frequently Asked Questions About Senior Cat Nutrition

How Does Senior Cat Food Differ from Regular Cat Food?

Senior cat food is essentially a nutritionally refined version of regular cat food, with adjusted nutrient levels to address the common physiological changes of aging. Instead of a one-size-fits-all "senior" designation, the ideal approach is to tailor the diet to the individual cat’s specific health needs. For instance, a senior cat with kidney disease requires a low-phosphorus, moderate-protein diet, which may not be suitable for a senior cat without kidney issues who could benefit from a higher protein diet to maintain muscle mass.

What Key Ingredients Should Be Prioritized in Senior Cat Food?

When selecting senior cat food, prioritize high-quality animal protein sources such as chicken, turkey, or fish. Healthy fats, particularly omega-3 fatty acids, are also crucial. Look for foods with minimal fillers and additives, focusing on ingredients that are easily digestible to support your senior cat’s health.

What Ingredients Should Senior Cats Avoid in Their Diet?

Foods high in phosphorus and magnesium should generally be avoided for senior cats. High phosphorus levels can strain the kidneys over time, potentially leading to kidney damage or disease. Elevated magnesium can increase the risk of struvite crystals in the bladder. Even in the absence of diagnosed kidney disease or bladder crystals, limiting phosphorus and magnesium intake can serve as a preventative measure.

Is Wet or Dry Food Preferable for Senior Cats?

Wet food is often recommended for senior cats due to its higher moisture content, which is vital for hydration and urinary tract health, and its softer texture, which is easier to chew. However, some senior cats may have a preference for dry kibble or possess specific dental needs. The optimal choice depends on the individual cat’s preferences and health requirements.

How Can I Determine if My Senior Cat Approves of Their Food?

Observing your senior cat’s appetite and behavior during mealtimes is the most reliable indicator of their food preference. Signs of enthusiasm, such as eager eating, purring, or thoroughly cleaning their bowl, suggest enjoyment. Conversely, a lack of interest or changes in appetite may signal a need to explore alternative dietary options or consult with a veterinarian to rule out underlying health issues.

Conclusion: Nurturing a Vibrant Senior Life Through Optimal Nutrition

Providing the best possible nutrition for a senior cat involves a careful assessment of their individual lifestyle and evolving nutritional requirements. In general, an exemplary senior cat food will feature easily digestible animal protein, a low carbohydrate profile, reduced phosphorus content, and ample moisture.

Our top recommendation, tuft + paw’s Really Great Cat Food, stands out for its exceptional blend of high-quality ingredients and its accessible price point. For senior cats with general dietary needs, Honest Kitchen’s Minced Salmon & Cod and RAWZ Senior Chicken, Green Mussels, and Pumpkin offer excellent, easily digestible recipes rich in omega-3 fatty acids. For those seeking a budget-friendly yet nutritious option, Koha Minimal Ingredient Turkey Stew is a noteworthy contender. Finally, if weight management is a primary concern, Smalls Ground Bird provides a healthy, calorie-dense solution, with the important caveat to monitor kidney health due to its phosphorus content. Ultimately, experimenting with a few different options to discover your cat’s preferred and most beneficial food is a worthwhile endeavor.